Construction Waste Management – Using WGR at Construction & Demolition Sites Across Australia

Interim Literature Review Table

No.	Article title	Journal	Published year	Argued innovation	Data source	Methods	Key outcome	Limitations of this paper	Useful information for my topic
1	An Empirical Study of Construction and Demolition Waste Generation and Implications of Recycling	Waste Management	2019	Research team was deployed into the site with known volume and weighing scale and wheelbarrows. C&D was separated into different wheelbarrows.	Data collection included WGR collection, obtaining information on permits of development across different notebooks and total floor area of C&D activity.	Estimate C&D waste generation using Waste Generation Rates (WGR) through regression analysis	WGR was reduced to 63.74 kg/m2 and 1615 kg/m2 for C&D activities respectively.	Limited data was available on building details, type of structure, roofing systems, materials and floor area in Dhaka.	Waste generation and recycling is entrepreneurial activity and venturing into it can add an opportunity for extracting economic and environmental benefits. Recycling can add 44.96 mn USD economic value.
2	Generation & Prediction of Construction and Demolition Waste Using Exponential Smoothing Method: A Case Study of Shandong Province, China	Sustainability	2020	Waste resource utilization technologies, waste resource utilization equipment, construction waste treatment plant, renewable product technologies and production equipment.	Historical consumption data and average life estimates of construction materials were obtained from GIS tool that collected, stored, integrated and processed geospatial information.	Building area estimation method and Quadratic exponential smoothing method	Annual production of C&D in Shandong demonstrated growth trend with average annual growth of 11.38%.	The study only estimated C&D waste output based on building area without even considering the structure and purpose of the building.	The findings provide basic data support and reference for the utilization and management of C&D waste.
3	Waste Management in Construction Projects of Pakistan	Pakistan Journal of Science	2019	Prefabrication and industrialized building system (IBS) were argued to reduce construction waste generation by 52%.	Primary data was collected from twenty-eight experience personnel from clients, consultants and contractor firms	Quantitative method with questionnaire survey was conducted based on Construction Waste Management (CWM) and RII formula.	Effective waste management is achieved through prefabrication, value engineering and BIM as first, second and third best techniques.	The study used the analysis of previous techniques for evaluating the most effective one regarding waste generation management. No new technology was proposed.	Prefabrication is considered as the most effective waste management method through which waste generation on construction sites can be reduced.
4	Construction and Demolition Waste Generation in Cities in India: An Integrated Approach	International Journal of Sustainable Engineering	2019	Recycling technologies and C&D management techniques were argued	Data was acquired from secondary literature across different classes of cities.	Dynamic model was applied for different cities in India for investigating how C&D waste generation rate varies across different classes of cities.	The results showed that most C&D waste (50%) was generated in small to medium town of India.	Only tested the C&D waste generation in Indian cities for assessing C&D generation rate.	Opportunities for recycling of C&D waste generation and available technology for closing material loops.
5	The on-site waste minimization practice for construction waste	2nd Global Congress on Construction, Material and Structural Engineering	2020	Mechanical handling, low waste construction technology, over ordering and on-site shredding machines.	Data was obtained from previous research publications on C&D waste management techniques	Mapping technique was used for identifying the frequency of each practice used on-site for reducing C&D waste generation.	The study identified five significant management practices including educating the workforce, using of-site products and components (low waste construction technology), provision of waste skips through segregation and standardization of design and material.	Only soft measures are discussed irrespective of the different construction techniques for managing C&D waste generation on-site.	The best management techniques identified in the study can be of use when discussing C&D waste generation reduction
6	The State of the Art of Material Flow Analysis Research Based on Construction & Demolition Waste Recycling & Disposal	Buildings	2019	Best Available Technology (BAT), Lifecycle Costing (LCA), Eco-balancing methods and input-output analysis of waste processing technologies were discussed.	Data was obtained from Web of Science core databases, 40 in Scopus and 31 in the Engineering Village database. Only 28 articles were used for conducting review.	Dynamic material flow analysis, systematic review of 28 articles and multidimensional evaluation and analysis was conducted	MFA can be improved by using comprehensive data sources and data accuracy. Emission reduction and effective research recycling can be processed at construction sites through upgrading workers’ skill, site space, equipment level and waste type purity.	Discussion is limited to 27 articles about C&D waste processing and disposal.	Material flow analysis, green gas emission evaluation and energy evaluation from C&D waste management are important elements of analysis.
7	Construction Waste Management Profiles, Practices and Performance: A Cross-Jurisdictional Analysis in Four Countries	Sustainability	2016	Prefabrication, metal formworking, recycled aggregate utilization, cast in-situ and recycling technologies were discussed.	Both quantitative & qualitative methods were used. Data was collected from various national statistical yearbooks with research papers and professional reports on CWM in four countries.	Pearson correlation analysis, Cross jurisdictional analysis of CWM performance and WGR were estimated through regression.	It was found that Australia, Europe and Hong Kong witnessed a declining trend in terms of waste generation due to greener construction industry trends.	Only limited to four economies. Lack of data for other economies like China and Japan regarding C&D waste generation and MSW in contributing to environment degradation.	The best CWM techniques can be analyzed and be duplicated across borders.
8	Estimation of Construction & Demolition Waste Using Waste Generation Rates in Chennai, India	Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy	2017	No technology was discussed	Field observations, sorting & weighing on site, truckload records, questionnaire surveys and interviews were considered for determining waste generation rate	Demolition waste generation rates of primary materials were determined using Regression Analysis based on 45 case studies data	C&D waste forms about 36% of total waste generated in Chennai City, India (175 kg capita/annum and 1.14 mn tonnes).	The study didn’t utilize quantity and plans for managing waste generation, building details, roofing systems, usage of building and its floor area while estimating WGR.	Methodology to estimate the C&D waste generation rates can be used from this study.
9	A Comparative Study of Construction Waste Generation Rate Based on Different Construction Methods on Construction Project in Malaysia	Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research	2018	No technologies were discussed	The direct and indirect measurements of CW generation were obtained by visiting the construction site for a field survey in Malaysia.	Volume calculation of CW while stockpiling, gathering, scattering and stacking was done. Truck load records were estimated for indirect measurements. Weight per construction area was calculated for CW Generation Rates.	The study connected construction methods and construction waste generation rate in Malaysia. Conventional method of construction generated more construction waste as compared to modern construction methods or IBS.	The study didn’t consider type of project (residential, non-residential, social amenities or infrastructure projects) and generation rates.	Relationship between construction methods and construction waste generation was revealed in the study and can be useful.
10	Analysis of Waste Generation Characteristics during New Apartment Construction – Considering the Construction Phase	International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health	2019	Demolition technology was discussed in the paper.	CW data was collected through direct measurements and indirect measurements (previous studies, literature and addition rate of each material) at recently completed apartment buildings site	Truck load weights were used for calculating WGR given different construction periods.	The CW generated at the beginning of the construction period was low however, it increased over time and then decreased at end. Mixed waste and waste concrete were generated throughout the construction however CW was generated in middle of the construction period only.	The study results were limited to only three targeted sites. The results were limited because of difficulty of collected CW data through direct measurements.	The WGR fluctuate at different phases of construction project related to CW.
11	Waste Generation, Composition and Handling in Building-Related Construction and Demolition in Hanoi, Vietnam	Waste Management	2020	No technologies were discussed	Survey, face to face interviews were conducted and field survey was used for obtaining data on WGR composition and current handling practices of C&D waste.	Image analysis and CDW layouts were used for 15 building construction and demolition sites in Hanoi, Vietnam for estimating WGRs and CDW flows.	Composition analysis revealed that soil, concrete and bricks were the major CDW components. 10% of total CDW flows were identified to be recycled and reused CDW.	Limited to analysis of CDW composition at 15 building construction and demolition sites in Hanoi, Vietnam only.	For promoting sustainable CDW management, development of recycled CDW products and policies for facilitating recycling can be done after understanding components of CDW.
12	Investigation of Construction Waste Generated in Malaysian Residential Sector	Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy	2018	No technology was discussed	Data of CW generation in 179 residential projects was collected from Construction Research Institute of Malaysia (CREAM) and Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)	Quantitative waste estimation model based on WGR Index, no. of residential projects, project locations and project gross floor area in m2 was used.	The WGR was determined as 25.79kg m-2 for new residential constructions equivalent to 553,406t of anticipated waste annually.	The scope of the study was limited to new residential construction projects executed from January to March 2015 in Malaysia only.	Waste index method was established for calculating the WGR that can be used for predicting the amount of waste that arises in the life-cycles of construction project.
13	Estimating Construction Waste Generation in Residential Buildings: A Fuzzy Set Theory Approach in the Brazilian Amazon	Journal of Cleaner Production	2020	In-situ technology and geotechnics of hybrid model were discussed.	Data was collected from field surveys of 23 residential buildings completed during 2016 and 2018 in Belem, the Brazilian Amazon regarding CD waste residues.	Sensitive analysis was conducted for analyzing the impact of variables in WG. Model validation and a fuzzy set theory was used for estimating the C&D waste.	The model allowed the researcher to obtain C&D waste generation prediction rates with 64.29% accuracy in development and 66.67% in validation phase.	The model’s limitation is its generalizability. This model cannot be applied to other localities and other types of construction project as each project has different cultural characteristics, volume of waste and construction techniques used.	Fuzzy set theory can deal with fuzzy nature of waste generation in construction projects. It can allow waste manager to draw baseline graph for indicating volume of construction waste generation as the project progresses.
14	Estimating Construction and Demolition Debris Generation Using a Materials Flow Analysis Approach	Waste Management	2010	No technology was discussed	Data of materials consumed per construction activities including renovation and demolition was obtained from Portland Cement Association and US Geological Survey.	MFA approach for estimating C&D debris generation and composition for US was followed. Construction materials purchasing were used for estimating the mass of solid waste generated as a result of construction activities.	From historical construction materials consumption data and estimates, approximately 610-780 × 106 Mg of demolition waste was calculated during 2002.	The study is limited as several assumptions are used for the service life of construction materials especially Portland cement concrete and asphalt concrete. Hence, results will vary if the assumptions are violated.	The MFA approach can be used for estimating the total amount and composition of C&D debris generated.
15	Quantitative Analysis of the Sources of Construction Waste	Journal of Construction Engineering	2014	Information and Communication Technology and Radio Frequency Identification Devices was discussed for mitigating misplacement and abandonment of materials on large construction sites.	Questionnaire survey method was used for obtaining data from contractors and 220 companies randomly selected from KOMPASS online database.	Ordinal logistic regression was used for analyzing the questionnaire responses in order to derive probabilities of rating categories (1,2,3,4 and 5).	Results indicated that 33% of construction waste and residual waste could be minimized if the design dimensions of buildings adapt to standard dimensions of materials. 26.3% of the construction waste was related to project design only. Total cost of waste was expected to be 30% of cost of material.	The study’s result are limited to analysis of cost analysis of C&D waste during the construction projects regardless of construction type, timeline and construction techniques used.	The results can be used for assessing the total cost of waste as a component of total construction cost.