Renewable Energy Based Smart Street Light Monitoring System Assignment Solution

1.1.INTRODUCTION:
The increasing demand of energy, the continuous reduction in existing source of fossil fuels and growing concern regarding environmental pollution, have pushed mankind to explore new technologies for the production of electrical energy using clean renewable sources such as solar energy, wind energy etc. Among the non-conventional renewable energy sources, solar energy affords great potential for conversion into electrical power, able to ensure an important part of the electrical energy needs of the planet. The conversion of solar light into electrical energy represents one of the most promising and challenging energetic technologies, in continuous development, being clean, silent and reliable, with very low maintenance cost and minimal ecological impact. Solar energy is free practically inexhaustible and involves no polluting residues or green house gas emissions.

In recent days , street lighting plays a major role at traffic safety, society security, illuminate the city’s streets during dark hours, appearance of the city. The primary motive of the street lighting is to make objects and vehicles on the road to be visible. Due to growth in the rural areas, the number of streets in the area increases and hence the controlling and monitoring of the street lighting becomes quite difficult. At present , street lamps are controlled manually in most of the rural areas, which makes the system inefficient and wastage in power and which this leads to the automation street light.

Thus to reduce the energy consumption and to increase the efficiency of street lighting, smart street light system will be a best approach. Smart system is an autonomous operation which detects the signals from the sensors and act according to the signals. Thus the efficiency can improved in the smart street light system when compared with ordinary system. Meanwhile, street light system can be classified according to the type of lamps used such as incandescent light , mercury vapour lamp, metal halide light , high and low pressure sodium light, compact fluorescent light and LED light. Different type of light technology used in lighting design with their luminous efficiency, lamp service life and their considerations. Among them LED is considered to be a promising solution to modern street lighting system because of its reduced power consumption.

Another parameter that to be considered for smart street light is monitoring and controlling when they are installed in rural areas. This can be achieved by various wireless technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi , Zig-bee. Among them Wi-Fi is better based on the range of operation. Thus the system developed uses Wi-Fi module for monitoring and controlling purpose.

1.2.OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK:
The main objective of the project is to reduce the energy consumption of the street light by minimizing the usage of power during the times in which there is no object or person moving around the street light. It also includes the detection of fault in those street lights when they are not functioning properly by electrical causes and so on. To reduce the manual operation of the street light by making it automatic and smart enough based on the solar sun light. In order to the above mentioned things monitoring of the street lights with these key features is one of the major objective of the project.

2.1.LITERATURE REVIEW:
[1].ZIGBEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION FOR MONITORING RENEWABLE STREET LIGHT SYSTEM by Thinaharan Ramachandran, Low Tang Jung,Vasaki Ponnusamy, Anang Hudaya(IEEE | Aug 2014) This paper proposes the main idea to reduce the burning of the fossil fuels to generate electricity, hence reducing air pollution by incorporating the renewable energy in the system. The proposed system consists of the automated switching mechanism to further reduce the electricity consumption of street lights.Some security features provided by selected wireless communication protocol will also be implemented to secure the system.

[2].ARM BASED STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM WITH FAULT DETECTION by
Sumathi.V, Krishna Sandeep.A, Tarun Kumar.B(IJET | Vol 5 No 5 Nov 2013) In this paper many sensors are used to control and guarantee a better efficient street light monitoring system. Presence of a person or an obstacle is detected by using the presence detector sensors. The lights will be on when person comes in the detection range else light will be off. This system uses GSM for wireless communication` and ARM as a controller.

[3].ENERGY - EFFICIENT INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM
USING TRAFFIC - ADAPTIVE CONTROL by Gul Shahzad , Heekwon Yang, Chankil Lee, Arbab Waheed Ahmad( IEEE | VOL 16 No 13 JUL 2016) In this paper, a novel concept of traffic flow based smart LED street lighting for energy optimization is proposed. A ZigBee mesh network is created for the wireless communication and also to provide maximum energy efficiency. Power metering sensor is used in this system in order to determine whether the lights are functioning as desired.

[4].AN INTELLIGENT SYSTEM FOR MONITORING AND CONTROLLING OF STREET LIGHT USING GSM TECHNOLOGY by Swati Rjesh Parekar , Manoj M.Dongre( IEEE | Dec 16-19,2015) This paper proposes a GSM technology which uses power efficiently by remotely monitoring and controlling the system. The system uses solar energy as the main supply for the whole system. Real Time Clock(RTC) is used to turn on and off the street light. Raspberry Pi is used to transfer the signals from the sensors that are processed to the control terminal to control the street light setup.

2.2. NEED FOR SMART SYSTEM:
Smart systems incorporate the functions of the sensing , actuation and control in order to describe and analyze a situation and make decisions based on the available data in a predictive or adaptive manner, thereby performing smart actions. Thus the proposed smart system consisting of the sensors reduces the manual operation and initiates the automatic operation by the closed loop setup. Smart system also contribute to the development of the future Internet of Things(IoT) where the wireless communication becomes much more efficient and reliable. By using the IoT with the smart systems the controlling action can be made easier than the other systems.

CHAPTER – 3 SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1. INTRODUCTION:
In recent days, street lighting plays a major role at traffic safety, society security, illuminate the city’s streets during dark hours, appearance of the city. The primary motive of the street lighting is to make objects and vehicles on the road to be visible. Hence, in this chapter, the design of the street light by considering the appropriate area and designing the led array and the design of battery, solar panel selection and buck converter design is discussed.

3.2. CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION:
To install a street light in the rural area, considering a road of
Length=10m and
Width=6m
Therefore, area to illuminated = Length * Width

= 60 m
2
.

To find lumens from area,
Lumens= Standard lux*area
= 6 * 60
= 360 lumens.

Therefore, by comparing the lumens to the lumen comparison chart, for 360 lumens
approximately 4 to 4.5 Watts of LED array is necessary.
3.3. DESIGN OF LED ARRAY:
Choosing 5050 SMD LED for the street light,
Forward voltage (Vf) = 3 V
Forward current (If) = 60 mA.

To get a 4 to 4.5 Watts led array, assuming 4 * 6 fashion,
Total voltage for [ 4 * 6] = Vf * 4
= 12 V.
Total current for [ 4 * 6] = If * 6
= 360 mA.

Total power consumption for a 4*6 led array = 12V * 360mA
= 4.32 Watts.