Multiple-Choice Questions
Question 1 (1 point)
Which pressure is increased as part of a systemic reflex in response to reduced brain perfusion?
- Cerebrospinal fluid pressure
- Intracranial Pressure
- Mean Arterial Pressure (Systemic)
- Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
Question 2 (1 point)
Which pressure, if raised, can lead to compression of the vessels inside the skull?
- Mean Arterial Pressure (Systemic)
- Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
- Cerebrospinal fluid pressure
- Intracranial Pressure
Question 3 (1 point)
Reduced venous return from the brain would result in an increase in what pressure?
- mean arterial blood pressure
- cerebral perfusion pressure
- intravascular pressure
- intracranial pressure
Question 4 (1 point)
Which pressure, if it drops, can lead to brain ischaemia?
- Intracranial Pressure
- Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
- Cerebrospinal fluid pressure
- Mean Arterial Pressure (Systemic)
Question 5 (1 point)
As ICP rises following focal brain injury, the brain is further compromised by:
- Vasodilation
- Venous haemorrhage
- Vascular compression
- Arterial haemorrhage
Question 6 (1 point)
Which of the answers below would correctly complete the following statement?
The cerebro ischaemic response (Cushing's reflex) states that upon raised intracranial pressure, the _____ increases to overcome the _____ and ensure that the _____ is above 60mmHg.
- MABP; ICP; CPP
- MABP; CPP; ICP
- ICP; CPP; MABP
- CPP; MABP; ICP
Question 7 (1 point)
After head injury, ICP will increase quickly due to which of the following?
- Arterial haemorrhage
- Vascular compression
- Vasodilation
- Venous haemorrhage
Question 8 (1 point)
If Zac deteriorates, he may require a pain stimulus as part of his GCS assessment. In response to a pain stimulus, Zac may exhibit ……………….. if he has significant damage to the motor cortex in the cerebrum.
- decerebrate extension
- localised to pain
- exhibited decorticate flexion
- withdrawn from pain
Question 9 (1 point)
Zac has an occipital laceration which occurred when he hit his head on the kerb. A contrecoup injury is most likely to have occurred to his
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- cerebellum
- temporal lobe
Question 10 (1 point)
Zac hit his head, possibly experiencing a traumatic brain injury. Which of the following is a primary injury?
- Subdural haematoma
- Neurogenic shock
- Neural ischaemia
- Diffuse axonal injury
Question 11 (1 point)
As part of his care, Zac will be assessed for post-traumatic amnesia. The rationale for this is that;
- the data will be used to predict the likelihood of Zac experiencing future seizures
- the data is used in conjunction with the Glasgow coma scale data to determine the degree and severity of diffuse axonal injury and traumatic brain injury severity
- the data will be used to determine how much help Zac will need with his ADLs
- the data will be used to determine what type of intracranial haemorrhage Zac might have experienced.
Question 12 (1 point)
Zac hit his head, experiencing a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Which of the following is considered a tertiary presentation subsequent to a TBI?
- contrecoup contusion
- hypoxaemia
- subdural haematoma
- neural ischaemia
Question 13 (1 point)
Which of the following is a direct result of the baroreceptor reflex towards end-stage elevation in ICP?
- High blood pressure
- Widening pulse pressure
- Bradycardia
- Reactive pupils
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Question 14 (1 point)
If Zac were to deteriorate, an irregular respiratory pattern would indicate the following pathophysiological change;
- pressure on the meninges
- loss of the oculocephalic reflex
- increased reflexive motor responses
- brainstem responses to changes in PaCO2
Question 15 (1 point)
Which of the following cues from Zac's data is indicative of raised ICP?
- elevated systolic, lowered diastolic blood pressure, tachycardia
- elevated systolic blood pressure, widening pulse pressure, tachycardia
- sluggish pupillary reflex
- nausea and vomiting
Question 16 (1 point)
If Zac's motor response deteriorates and is weak due to problems in the motor cortex, which structure is primarily affected?
- basal ganglia (basal nuclei)
- cerebellum
- neuromuscular junction
- upper motor neuron
Question 17 (1 point)
Cues for brain function deterioration due to rising ICP include all of the following except:
- Bradycardia
- High blood pressure
- Reactive pupils
- Widening pulse pressure
Question 18 (1 point)
Haemorrhage into brain tissue is known as
- intracerebral haemorrhage
- intraventricular haemorrhage
- intralobe haemorrhage
- intercerebral haemorrhage
Question 19 (1 point)
A subdural haematoma occurs when the
- subependymal veins are damaged
- intracerebral vessels are torn
- cortical bridging veins are ruptured
- superficial arterial and venous vessels are ruptured
Question 20 (2 points)
Identify the injury types in which the primary injury involves/affects the entire brain. Select only TWO (2) options
- open skull fracture
- concussion
- diffuse axonal injury
- contusion
- intracerebral haemorrhage
- haematoma
Question 21 (4 points)
If Zac were to remain untreated, which of the following would be evidence of life- threatening deterioration due to raised intra-cranial pressure? Select only FOUR (4) options
- decreased blood pressure
- hyporeflexia
- bradycardia
- neurogenic shock
- widening pulse pressure
- exopthalmus
- altered respiratory pattern
- tachycardia
- rhinitis
- decorticate posturing
- fixed pupils
- GCS 12
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