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FORCED AND COERCED STERILIZATION HAPPENING TO INDIGENOUS WOMEN IN CANADA:

Forced or Coerced sterilization is considered as an act of violence that is gender-based and also violation of human rights. A forced sterilization is involuntary and the removal of reproduction ability of a person without consent. In females it is a medical procedure that prevents pregnancy. In Canada forced sterilization is the hidden history and was increasing in indigenous women and up till now in the 21st century the practice of forced sterilization is continued. In Canada the forced sterilization is based on false premise of poverty, social problems and illness. In Canada the center for international justice works against the forced sterilization of non-indigenous women in Canada. This collaboration will result in awareness among people to fight against forced sterilization through media and other resources in Canada (Shawana, C., et al. 2021).

IDLE NO MORE:

It is the grass root movement or a protest among aboriginal Canadian people in order to gain the sovereignty, respect and rights of indigenous people of Canada. This movement was founded in 2012 and this movement attracts its supporters from both indigenous and non-indigenous communities of Canada (John, S. 2015). Idle no more movement assist to motivate the community of indigenous people and restorative discourse of the issues with in the border communities. Idle no more movement is basically an education about injustice, inequality such as social and economic and stop of degradation in environment among all Canadians (Graveline, F. J. 2012).                          

  1. IMPACT OF PREGNANCY ON TEEN MOTHERS AND HOW IT AFFECTS THEM AND THEIR FAMILIES?

Teen mothers with early pregnancy are at greater threat for health-related issues like preeclampsia (high blood pressure), gestational diabetes that badly affects the kidneys or it also proves lethal for both baby and mother. Teenage pregnancy may also lead to Anemia (depletion in RBCs) that dismally affects the development of baby and also causes weakness in mother. According to WHO (World Health Organization) the teen pregnancy between 15-19 years of girls are at higher risks of death all over the world. If a teenage girl got pregnant then she may feel petrify and perturbed in sharing this news with family and friends and become depressed. Teen age pregnancy has a negative impact on families, communities, social and economic level of girls. Families are also affected by teen age pregnancy and left with long term consequences such as low earnings, marital failure, truncated participation in labor force, economic stress and restricted opportunities for life time, excessive ensuing fertility (Patel & Sen. 2012).

 INTERVIEW

   FAMILY 1

Name: Urooj Marcus.

Age: 25 years.

Marital status: Married.

  • How old were you when you had your first child? I got married at the age of 15 years and when I conceived my first baby, I was 16 years old.
  • How many children you have? I have only 1 child.
  • What changes do you feel in your body during your early pregnancy? I was very week prior to my pregnancy and still I’m facing health issues. I feel weakness, lethargy, hypotension, dizziness and low sugar level whenever I stand for prolong period of time.
  • Why you consider to have child at your early age? My in laws forced me to have children.
  • What challenges are you facing as a mother? Being a very young mother, I faced a lot of challenges. Firstly, I wasn’t mentally ready to have child very soon but when I got one, I faced challenges of raising a child. My daughter was premature when she was born and she had to be transferred to NICU of the hospital and remained almost a month there. I was inexperienced and so young that I didn’t know how to tackle with a child and my body was week due which I wasn’t able to feed my child and I have to feed her with the formula milk.
  • How did you tackle with the difficult child raising? My mother in law is very nice and gentle. She helped me a lot with my baby.
  • Do you had any goals before becoming a mother? I just studied till high school and wasn’t interested in studying more. I didn’t have any life goals.
  • Do you consider child bearing at an early stage is good or not: Well I think every one has his own life experiences. Initially I faced some issues due to my young age but later on I was very happy with my life.

FAMILY 2

Name: Alia Arshad

Age: 28 years

Marital status: Married.

  • How old were you when you had your first child? When I conceived my first child, I was 15 years old.
  • How many children you have? I have 3 children with age difference of 2 years between each child.
  • What changes do you feel in your body during your early pregnancy? When I conceived I wasn’t ready at that time but suddenly as the time was passing by I was feeling good and there was no difficulties in my first pregnancy but when I conceived for 2nd time I had gestational diabetes with that and had to go through C-section rather than normal delivery. My 1st baby was delivered normal while others two were born by C-section.
  • Why you consider to have child at your early age? I loved to have babies. Though I wasn’t ready at that time but I always wanted to have them.
  • What challenges you faced as a mother in early age? Being a very young mother, I faced a lot of challenges. I was premature and inexperienced I got very difficulties in raising my first child. I wasn’t aware of how to set the baby sleep cycle and faced very difficulties with the first one but then I managed easily.
  • How did you tackle with the difficult child raising? My mother and my husband helped me getting through all this.
  • Do you had any goals before becoming a mother? Yes, I was very ambitious from the beginning. I always wanted to become a nutritionist. I completed all my study after marriage with my babies. My husband supported me a lot in my study and I am doing my specialization now.
  • Do you consider child bearing at an early stage is good or not: Well I think everyone has his own life experiences. Initially I faced some issues due to my young age but later on I was very happy with my life.

Read More

  1. WHAT AVENUES AND ASSISTANCE ARE AVAILABLE TO ASSIST THEM THROUGH THIS PROCESS BOTH DURING AND AFTER CHILDBIRTH?

Following are the avenues and assistance that Canada gives to mother during pregnancy and after child birth.

CANADIAN PROGRAMS DURING ANTENATAL PERIOD:

In Canada, a public health agency is providing useful advices about healthy nutrition, and health of mother. They give pregnancy calendar that helps a mother to follow her baby’s development (Borglin, G., et al. 2015). Canada also held programs called prenatal nutrition that helps pregnant women to face circumstances such as poverty, geographic and social isolation, and teenage mother. These programs give counselling about nutrition, taking vitamins and other supplements, breastfeeding, maternal lifestyle, child development.

CANADIAN PROGRAMS AFTER CHILD BIRTH:

The government of Canada offers maternity and parental leave, registering the birth of baby, registration of plan for education savings (helps a family to save money for child after high school), child disability benefits (this benefit is for families that is tax free), ensuring the security and health of baby (health, nutritional needs, proper breastfeeding, car seat that are safe for baby, toys and equipment for child care and immunity of child) (Patel & Sen. 2012).

  1. WHAT CAN A NURSE OR HEALTH WORKER CAN DO TO ASSIST THE TEEN MOTHERS DURING THIS PROCESS WHICH WILL HELP THEM COPE BETTER WITH THEIR FAMILIES, THEIR OVERALL HEALTH, THEIR BABY HEALTH, NUTRITION, EDUCATION, ETC.

Prenatal care is considered one of the best in order to promote the health in new born baby. Health workers or prenatal nurses working in Canada encourages and educate the teenage mother about nourishing health during and after child birth. Prenatal Nurses or health workers educate teen mothers about breast feeding, and other parenting dexterities. So, it is necessary for the prenatal nurse to have accomplished skills of communication in order to perform the tasks skillfully. Health care should begin when a first menstrual period misses by the teen mother. Health care provides a thorough examination of the expectant mother. For example, a pregnant teen girl having gestation may lead to a serious cause of breast cancer (Borglin, G., et al. 2015).  In Canada Prenatal nurse also determines the estimated confinement date that seems critical. During the first child birth it is important for the parents to knew each and every thing about parenting. For this purpose, nurses help the parents that how to maintain the health of the family and the baby. During the whole birth process and its treatment nurse continuously determine the fetus development and growth and also examine the issues that will faced by the mother during child birth. Today Heath care provides a health habitat to the expected mothers such as intake of folic acid, proper diet schedule, management of weight and prevention from STI (sexually transmitted disease). Health care also teaches the mother having diabetes and other chronic diseases during pregnancy. Nurses and Health care providers in Canada teach parents to nurture because the first child is an experience of happy and joy for the parents (Bassey Etowa, J. 2012). Parents wants to asks different types of questions for this purpose the heath care team and nurses provides them classes in order to teach them about different stages of pregnancy, procedure of delivery and relief of a pain. The birth not just only affect the parents but also the whole family because everyone has different types of feelings towards that event. Every family possesses different cultural backgrounds so modern type of nurses must have an understanding about different types of household structures such as family of single parent, dual career etc. Nurses and health care workers play their best role in promoting health habitat among mothers and new born. Prenatal education is considered one of the powerful resources to spread well among parents all over the world (Borglin, G., et al. 2015).

REFERENCES

Shawana, C., Ryan, C., & Ali, A. (2021). Forced or Coerced Sterilization in Canada: An Overview of Recommendations for Moving Forward. International Journal of Indigenous Health16(1).

John, S. (2015). Idle no more-indigenous activism and feminism. Theory in Action8(4), 38.

Graveline, F. J. (2012). idle no more: Enough Is Enough!. Canadian Social Work Review/Revue canadienne de service social29(2), 293-300.

Patel, P. H., & Sen, B. (2012). Teen motherhood and long-term health consequences. Maternal and child health journal16(5), 1063-1071.

Borglin, G., Hentzel, J., & Bohman, D. M. (2015). Public health care nurses’ views of mothers’ mental health in paediatric healthcare services: a qualitative study. Primary health care research & development16(5), 470-480.

Bassey Etowa, J. (2012). Becoming a mother: The meaning of childbirth for African–Canadian women. Contemporary Nurse41(1), 28-40.

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