Chicago referencing Guide
When you are writing your assignment, essay, articles, research paper, or dissertation, you take material from another source, which should be properly cited. There are different citations format used in the different disciple. One of them is Chicago citations.
When you take data from any other source, you should properly mention the source, this is called referencing. When you add this reference in the text, this is called text-citations, while detailed information of sources given at the end is called a bibliography.
Chicago referencing style
Chicago referencing style is most commonly used in the discipline of humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. They occur generally in two formats; notes-bibliography and author-date.
Notes-bibliography is commonly used in humanities, where detailed notes of bibliography are given at endnote, where you used source. Sometimes bibliography is also given at the end of the thesis.
In author-date citations, a small introduction of authors added in-text citations in the parenthesis, and detailed bibliography is presented at the end of the thesis.
Similarities and differences between Notes-bibliography and author-date
General rules for writing in Chicago style
Whenever you write an idea of someone or paraphrase other ideas, you have to add information sources.
- General:
The general rule for writing citations in Chicago style is to mention clearly about author and title, its publisher, and date of publication. And if you referred to online publications also add the source and date at which you accessed it.
- Punctuation:
Periods are used to spate the elements in references in bibliographies and reference lists. While colon is used to separate titles from subtitles, a publication from the publisher name, and volume information from page numbers for journal articles. Along with, quotation marks are secondhand about article and chapter titles.
- Capitalization:
- The first letter of all the major words in the title, subtitles of works, and articles or chapters are capitalized in the bibliographies and notes.
- In reference lists, only the first letter and any proper noun in the title and subtitles are capitalized.
- Font:
Titles of periodicals and books are written in italic form.
- Abbreviations:
- ed. or trans. for “editor” or “edited by” or “translator” or “translated by.”
- “University” abbreviated to Univ.
- Footnotes and endnotes:
Number notes sequentially all through your paper, start with one. The same procedure is used for footnotes and endnotes.
- Authors’ names:
In bibliographies and reference lists, only the first author’s last name is inverted (last name first). First names should commonly be in the case when existing. All the authors’ names are written in a bibliography or reference list. If there are only three authors then mention the last names of all otherwise use the name of first and write “et al” in the text-citations.
- Publication place:
Write the name of the first place, if there is more than one place. Never use the abbreviation for the city, if a city is unknown then write the name of state or country.
- Publisher:
Write the name of the exact publisher. If the publisher is well known, you can write shortened such as Scribner
- Publication date:
- You have to write the date of publication after publishers’ names in notes and bibliographies.
- In the case of articles, write it with the volume and issue number statement.
- While for the reference lists, write the year of publication after the name(s) of the author(s).
- When there is no author or editor, write the title first and then the year of publication. In case the date is not available write “n.d.”
- Volume and Issue Numbers:
- In the case of continuous pagination for periodicals, provide only the volume number and year.
- If the corresponding issue starts on page 1, write the issue number after the volume number.
Journal article (Print)
Book (One author)
Journal article (Online)
Website
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