Chicago Referencing
Chicago Style Quick Guide
The Citation method of Notes and bibliography, and the other Citation method author-date citations both are covered in the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style.
The “Chicago Style” uses two different systems for citing sources in each document: the page notes, often known as endnotes or footnotes, and a bibliography page used in the first method. The second method, known as author-date, has a format like APA. As footnotes or endnotes and author-date style both have their own characteristic set of restrictions, therefore can’t be utilized together.
Use only the author’s surname and the year the book was published. If you need to be more particular, include page, chapter, or section numbers, separated by commas:
Reference List Vs. Bibliography
In Chicago author-date style, where you credit sources in the text with parentheses, a reference list is required. Chicago-style bibliography and a reference list are identical but for the header and where the date is placed.
“References” is the title of the reference list. The publication date appears right after the author’s name in reference list entries. As a result, the reader may quickly locate a reference using the relevant in-text citation.
Source Citations With Notes
Place a superscript number that corresponds to a numbered footnote or endnote at the end of a sentence or clause to cite sources in the Chicago notes and bibliography style. Endnotes are located at the end of the text, while footnotes are located at the bottom of each page. Decide between the two and stick to it.
Listing multiple authors in Chicago notes
List up to three authors from a source when citing it in your notes. Use the Latin phrase “Et al” (means “and others”) when there are four or more authors.
Footnotes versus Endnotes
Endnotes are found at the end of an article, chapter, or book, whereas footnotes are found at the bottom of a page. Due to their accessibility for quick reference, footnotes are increasingly prevalent in scholarly literature. Footnotes are constrained by the amount of room they take up on each page (additionally footnotes must be located on the same page as their reference point).
Endnotes eliminate the disadvantages of footnotes but are less easily accessible. Finding a specific remark in texts with several citations can be difficult for certain readers. In electronic resources, note numbers are now hyperlinked, which has helped to solve this problem.
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EXAMPLE |
Jamal, Arif, Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir, New York: Melville House Printing, 2009, p. 100-110 |
Make a Chicago-style Bibliography
A bibliography is a list of all the sources you utilized to study your work, whether or not you cited them. It’s referenced at the bottom end of your paper. In the bibliography, the author names are reversed, and the sources are listed by the author’s last name. Each source is mentioned on a separate line, and sources that span many lines are given a dangling indent.
A bibliography is strongly advised for all but the shortest papers, even if it is not required. It presents an overview of all your sources to the reader in one spot. If you’re unsure whether you need a bibliography, ask your instructor.
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Footnote/Endnote Bibliography Example |
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Judt, Tony. A Grand Illusion? An Essay on Europe. New York: Hill and Wang, 1996. |
Where to Use the Bibliography?
If you have used Footnotes to cite your sources, a bibliography is not necessary. Except for relatively short texts with few sources, it is generally advised to include one.
Chicago Style Bibliography Format with Examples
Bibliography format may vary as per source type, here is a format and example:
For Book:
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FORMAT |
Author last name, first name. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. URL. |
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EXAMPLE |
Covey, Stephen. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People. New York: Free Press, 1989. |
Chicago Author-date Style
People who work in the physical, natural, and social sciences are the ones who typically employ the Author-Date citation format. The author’s last name, publication year, and page number(s), if applicable, are cited in parentheses after each direct quotation from a source rather than in notes. The Bibliography page will also include a complete reference for the source.
All bibliographic sources must have the year of publication given after the author’s name when utilizing the Author-Date reference format. This makes it simpler to locate the proper full source from a text citation. When spotting several citations from the same author, this is exclusively helpful.
Only provide the publication year and page numbers in parenthesis if you mention the author(s) last name in your sentence.
Sample From Chicago Manual
Here is a sample author-date citation from the Chicago Manual along with a complete citation in the reference list. The author-date citations are bolded:
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Many disputes are resolved outside of courts, but in the “shadow of the law,” as legal commentators have noted (Mnookin and Kornhauser 1979, 953-57). Here, we provide empirical evidence that, as Albiston (2005, 25–9) argues, the “shadow of organizations” is also where workers’ and regulatory agents’ perceptions of discrimination and legality develop. |
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Reference Bibliography List Entries That Match
Always place the year of publication after the author(s) in the bibliography when using the Author-Date citation style, as opposed to at or close to the end when using the Footnote/Endnote citation style.
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SAMPLE 1 |
Albiston, Catherine R. 2005. “Bargaining in the Shadow of Social Institutions: Competing Discourses and Social Change in the Workplace Mobilization of Civil Rights.” Law and Society Review 39 (1): 11-47. |
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SAMPLE 2 |
Mnookin, Robert, and Lewis Kornhauser. 1979. “Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: The Case of Divorce.” Yale Law Journal 88 (5): 95-97. |
Various Sources by the Same Author
Only put the author’s name in the first entry if you are including several pieces by the same author. In the following entries, the name should be replaced by three em dashes, then the remainder of the citation should be formatted as usual. Sort the entries by title and then alphabetize them.
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EXAMPLE 1 |
Rhys, Jean. Good Morning, Midnight. London: Penguin, 2000. |
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EXAMPLE 2 |
———. Quartet. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997. |
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EXAMPLE 3 |
———. Wide Sargasso Sea. London: Penguin, 1997. |
We hope this guide helps you in understanding how to do referencing in Chicago format.
