Ontology-based models in pervasive computing systems Assignment Help

Summary 

By its kind as well as free and extensible nature, it is a model with a wide variety of sources to gather information that correspond to the issue of information exchange. These are used for the parts of the primary system which agree on shared representations. Ontology does not seem adequate to cover the concerns of the application designer and it is also not suitable for the spread of pervasive computing. In particular it has developed a well-established mechanism for representing and exchanging ontology structures information and this paper compares the ontology deemed popularity that often challenge the widespread recognition of the computing community. The paper is helpful for the next generation of information systems because they can be careful about deficiencies in ontological techniques that lead to determine number of deficiencies in the system. 

This article consists of five sections. In the first section, information regarding ontology system has been explained which followed by the section in which author describes the nature of ontology structure and techniques being used in order to establish the ontology base systems. In part three, several system been discussed which based on ontology programs. Section four is critical for understanding of those systems discussed in section three. Finally, the article concludes future concerns relating ontology model and its use in pervasive system.  

The discussion in this paper is based on the workshop done by US national service foundation on disappearing computer strategies in 2004. The core purpose of this workshop is to find out the potential impact of new developments in technologies. Communication and talks about ACM theme examines the fundamental principles of original range of five “disappears computer“ the following momentous issue:  

  • The development of a comprehensive pervasive computer system is needed for the purpose of holding and exploring the learning process, context parameter, the behavior of the person indicated, and for sensing and context.  
  • Privacy, security, reliability, and arguments are risks and trust associated with the interaction between users and service. 
  • Discover fundamental requirement for pervasive system by using a comprehensive approach to the computer system or service, whether it is possible and filtering information from the types of raw materials inputs such as user sensors, services, applications, and so on.  
  • Design interaction and regular interaction are justified that appear broadly within distributed, computing environment, and in the user computer interactions. It also included the characteristics of virtual hybrid and interaction design which is used to communicate. 
  • Essential network is a development tool to maintain and improve the communication network throughout the life cycle, it is also useful to critically communicate, and helpful to inform user about the infrastructure failure.  

Ontology Background: 

Under this Caption, the paper explains operational definitions that are being used for ontology. These are used for the purpose of identifying specific domain knowledge, expressed consensus terminology, and semantics of the formal aphorism and compel. This definition summarizes the general use of ontology software for communication between the components and modules in any system and the interaction between the systems. Standard ontology language is used to support the processing of software agents Ontology systems easily (Gruber 1993; Borst 1997). 

The developing ontology object of a system or number of functions can be used to correspond by each party and this is the basic idea. General ontology can be utilized between diverse systems and persistent computing. This paper discusses the development of modes for describing Ontology mechanisms. Paper describes best practices for the progress of ontology programs, spare parts. It is also described that the principles of ontology model should be evaluated. In this regard, top development technique was used as a starting point for developers. The strategy for enlargement and assessment of ontology systems can be done by ontology developers, moreover they will be able to better sharing and reprocess of information (Fensel 2001). 

Ontology in Pervasive Computing  

In this section, article considers a number of recent systems for ubiquitous computing using ontological models including Cobra (Chen et al., 2004b), Gaia  (Ranganathan et al., 2004b), GLOSS (Coutaz et al., 2003) ASC (Strang et al., 2003b) and SOCAM (Gu et al., 2004). Each of them tries to domain heavyweights to create ontology pervasive computing. These systems used in the article by focusing on a number of issues such as infrastructure and elements. Moreover, these are introduced to describe the ontology-related parts as well as the scenarios that explain about ontology-based approaches. The article also holds previous pervasive computing applications that use ontology. 

  • The Context Broker Architecture is a broker-centric as well as agent-based structure for context-aware computing and intelligent environments support system ((Kagal et al., 2001). It is a method in which we can obtain, maintain, and reason about context, knowledge sharing, identification, resolution of inconsistent knowledge, and to protect the privacy of users (Chen et al., 2005).  Cobra contains all of the above capabilities as it is an intelligent agent, and this is considered as the central element of Cobra. Within context broker, we have context acquisition module that is capable to offer a hall of procedures for the purpose of developing a middleware abstraction for the same module. Another function of context broker is to maintain a shared model on the basis of a group of agents and other helping devices (Dumbill 2002). 
  • Gaia is a platform for smart conditions; pervasive computing can provide physical space to store. The major element of Gaia is the functionality of a system in physical space ((Roman et al., 2002). The major purpose of this system is to provide functionality of an operating to its physical spaces. It also encompasses usual operating systems like process, events etc. It helps in using all the physical spaces and allows physical as well as virtual spaces to interact without error. It is also important to note that these ontologies are used to these systems context aware ((Ranganathan & Campbell, 2003). Ontologies are useful in Gaia because these ontologies help to manage the difficulty and diversity of devices and services in a big way. in this system,  the ontology server is supportive in loading and verifying ontologies from DAML+oil documents. This server also helps in composing ontologies into a combined ontology for the complete system. 
  • A global space Smart is a software infrastructure for interaction between people, artifacts, and objects to support; it considers both content and movement on a global scale. Making use of the properties of natural environments, use GLOSS position and the movement of people as a source of labor across framework (Dearle et al., 2003b). Hence, this application deals with low level interactions such as facing user’s location and high level interactions such as user’s task. This application is used to provide multiple ranges of services that are applied at adequate locations geographically. The same location-aware services describe and educate about the way of exploring, communicating and storing location information as per Gloss ontologies. This application is deficient in the area of describing a small set of concepts for the whole world. It exploits location information because of Gloss Ontologies. 
  • Aspect-Scale-Context (ASC) is a model for describing the paintings and their relationship with Ontology as fundamental. The framework is full of collections of entities represent contextual information such as a person, a place, or a business sharing. The ontologies in this system are helpful for service discovery and interoperability on the context level. The COOL language is also derived from this ASC system to help ontology base interoperability. This language is divided into two simple languages such as OWL and F-logic (Kifer et al., 1995).  Service discovery and execution are the main purposes of ASC and COOL is used to enable Context interoperability and awareness.  
  • The Service-Oriented Context-Aware Middleware is used as a design that helps in the formation and quick prototyping of context-aware services in pervasive computing. The Conon is an ontology based model in which a hierarchical technique is adopted for designing context Ontologies. The CONON ontologies are useful to share contextual information from users and devices to maintain semantic interoperability and reuse of sphere information. 
  • The Project CoDAMoS Builds a customizable and extensible ontology for the creation of context-alert computing infrastructure, ranging from small portable devices High-end service platforms. 

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 Evaluation of Systems 

The systems are evaluated on the basis of discussion in earlier clauses on the factors described as sensing and context, privacy security and trust, design interaction, discover and essential infrastructure. The SOUPA structure explains various vocabularies to different terms like person, agent, event, space, time, and action etc, this ontology designed for the special type of application. The CONON, which is also known as SOCAM, works on the upper and lower domain into three hierarchies. Upper and lower domain defines the parameters such as person, location, activity. The ASC and GLOSS works on basic parameters such as time, place, and event. On the other side, Gaia is working on parallel structure, which includes information, individual, communal, application and system contexts. 

This paper concludes that SOUPA has powerful vocabulary that defines from very basic to extreme specific application factors. While other ontology system has limited constraint and axioms which restrict some event to happen, in evaluation to structure and concept SOUPA was given appreciated hand in terms of coherence, clarity, extensibility, ontological commitment, orthogonality and encoding bias. 

Paper agrees with the analysis of Ranganathan, which concludes that DAML (and its analytical database details) is insufficient for thinking about the context of ubiquitous computing. This logic does not deal well with quantitative concepts such as the quantity ordered and the vote even with spatial models. In a way, it is not surprising ontological model and for ubiquitous computing we need strong reason and a wide (and extensible) collection of styles considered. OWL comes from DAML+OIL, the number of changes such as abolition of restrictions that define eligible properties capacities symmetry and the absence of abstract syntax unusually designed, DAML+OIL (Burstein et al., 2001) 

Questions about the use of the medium between device and the environment will be trying to do in a new position. Person cannot handle it and the obligations of the pump configuration are also not available, they should be made to the discovery or pairing things so that can be better integrated. Ubiquitous computing environments are characterized as having a variety of interactive interfaces. The variety of possible interfaces raises two problems; one of them is the development of legislation man-machine interaction (HMI) for end users, and the other one is the exposure of these interfaces in a standard way for developers of ubiquitous systems. HMI end users perspective is outside the purposes of this article because it is better in other subjects. 

Pervasive computing offers different challenges for the development of ontology of the traditional applications of computer science. The information in ubiquitous computing environments can be created from unreliable or defective sources in this direction “with a grain of salt“. If all parts of ubiquitous computing environment deal with the real world, they come with certain restrictions. In this way, sensors in the area will be inherently vague, breaking as it could be, or might be incorrect because these are against a phenomenon which is not completely designed (Burnstein et al., 2002).. 

Conclusion 

Some of the shortcomings are applicable to many applications of ontology. It is often difficult to identify the boundaries of the domain model. If we have a known limitation like “closed world” assumption”, it assumes that we have stronger claims about the lack of required information to apply the properties and relationships that are important to identify a priority, and can produce stronger checks for completeness and consistency. This limitation is often undesirable, and on the other hand “open world” assumption is not easily capable to ensure all elements of interest and consciousness itself. 

Clearer distinction between high (information sharing) are derived below (Collection of information) ontology. The first one can accommodate multiple things where diversity, flexible products queries allow albeit with less precision. Does it make sense to offer multiple systems in order to make the perfect system instead of building a detailed description of the composition questioned by critics? The Semantic Web. 

The composition is extremely beneficial in an open system. The privacy security label and trust can prove very clear: This is a new problem affects all aspects of the system for the collection, processing, exchange, and use of information. This clearly perpendicular to the specific context, however, it is necessary to develop other mechanisms that rely on ontology and knowledge to influence conversion. 

Ontology-based models in pervasive computing systems by Juan ye, Lorcan Coyle, Simon Dobson and Paddy Nixon, Systems research group, School of computer science and informatics, UCD Dublin, Ireland.

References: 

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Borst, W. N. 1997 Construction of Engineering Ontologies. PhD thesis, Center for telematica and information technlogy, University of Tweently, Enschede, NL. 

Fensel, D. 2001 Ontologies: A Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce, 1st edn. Springer, ISBN 978-3540416029. 

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Chen, H., Finin, T. and Joshi, A. 2005 Ontologies for Agents: Theory and Experiences, chapter of The SOUPA Ontology for Pervasive Computing. Whitestein Series in Software Agent Technologies. Springer. 

Dumbill, E. 2002 Finding friends with XML and RDF: FOAF. http://www-106.ibm.com/ developerworks/xml/library/x-foaf.html. 

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Ranganathan, A. and Campbell, R. H. 2003 An infrastructure for context-awareness based on first order logic. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 7, 353–364. 

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Coutaz, J., Dearle, A., Dupuy-Chessa, S., Kirby, G. N. C., Lachenal, C., Morrison, R., Rey, G. and Zirrintsis, E. 2003 Working document on gloss ontology. Technical Report D9.2, Global Smart Spaces Project IST-2000-26070. 

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